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23.1
The Future of Embedded International Law: Democratic and Authoritarian Trajectories
Karen J. Alter
Norman Dwight Harris Professor of International Relations, Northwestern University and Permanent Visiting Professor at iCourts, the Danish National Research Council’s Center of Excellence for international courts.

This short Essay explains why deeply embedding international law (IL) directly into domestic legal orders is seen as a helpful democratic legal strategy to make international law more effective. It also describes the logistics of embedding international law into national legal systems.

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23.1
Democracies and International Law: An Update
Tom Ginsburg
Leo Spitz Distinguished Service Professor of International Law, Ludwig and Hilde Wolf Research Scholar, Professor of Political Science

Thanks to Miriam Kohn and Thomas Weil for research assistance, and to Aleksandra Dzięgielewska for helpful comments.

This short Essay provides an update of my recently published book, Democracies and International Law, which brings together several of my academic concerns over the past two decades.

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CJIL Online 1.1
An Examination of U.S. Jurisdiction and Enforcement of U.S. Judgments Abroad in the Context of North Korean Cyberattacks
Carol Kim
J.D. Candidate 2022, The University of Chicago Law School.

This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Charn-kiu Kim, who was a preeminent scholar and professor of international law and a loving grandfather who inspired the author to pursue international law and carry on his legacy.

This Essay presents a hypothetical case in which North Korean operatives, aided by operatives from Russia and China, have stolen $500 million in COVID-19 relief funds from the U.S. Treasury through hacking, all while residing in their respective countries. The purpose of this hypothetical is to explore the legal bases that the United States may use to prosecute cybercrimes and obtain judgments against foreign cybercriminals.

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22.1
International Law and Transnational Legal Orders: Permeating Boundaries and Extending Social Science Encounters
Gregory Shaffer
Gregory Shaffer is Chancellor’s Professor, University of California, Irvine School of Law.
Terence C. Halliday
Terence C. Halliday is Research Professor, American Bar Foundation, Adjunct Professor of Sociology, Northwestern University, and Honorary Professor, School of Regulation and Global Governance, The Australian National University.

This Essay elaborates in three ways the call for a renewal of social science approaches to international law advanced by Daniel Abebe, Adam Chilton, and Tom Ginsburg.

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22.1
Social Science Research and Reforms of International Institutions
Weijia Rao
Assistant Professor of Law, George Mason University Antonin Scalia Law School.

I thank Jacob Hopkins for research assistance, and participants at the CJIL 2021 Symposium for helpful comments. 

Using investor-state dispute settlement as an example, this Essay discusses how the social science approach can be applied to help understand the causes of the problem of excessive duration and costs of investor-state arbitration proceedings.

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22.1
Comparative International Law and the Social Science Approach
Emilia Justyna Powell
Associate Professor of Political Science, Concurrent Associate Professor of Law, University of Notre Dame.

This Essay advocates for the use of the social science approach in the study of international law, based on the example of comparative international law—specifically, Islamic law states’ views of the global order.

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22.1
Measuring the Art of International Law
Mary Ellen O’Connell
Robert and Marion Short Professor of Law and Research Professor of International Dispute Resolution—Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame.

This Essay argues that the social science methodology is a useful adjunct to law, but it cannot replace the humanist ideas that constitute law.

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22.1
A Matter of Personal Choice
Bing Bing Jia
Professor of International Law, School of Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

This short Essay is a comment on the Lead Essay of the Symposium. It argues that approaches to international law depend on the lawyer's purpose, and that the social science approach overlaps with other methodologies.

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22.1
The Limits of International Law Fifteen Years Later
Jack Goldsmith
Learned Hand Professor, Harvard Law School.
Eric A. Posner
Kirkland & Ellis Distinguished Service Professor of Law, Arthur and Esther Kane Research Chair, University of Chicago Law School.

We thank Andrea Basaraba and Katarina Krasulova for research assistance.

The Limits of International Law received a great deal of criticism when it was published in 2005, but it has aged well. This Essay reflects on the book’s reception and corrects common misperceptions of its arguments.

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22.1
Studying Race in International Law Scholarship Using a Social Science Approach
James Thuo Gathii
Wing-Tat Lee Chair of International Law and Professor of Law, Loyola University Chicago School of Law.

I thank my research assistants Michael John Cornell, Romina Nemaei, Caitlin Chenus, and Audrey Mallinak for their invaluable assistance with this ongoing project. I also thank Loyola’s international reference librarian, Julienne Grant, for her important contributions to the research process and methodology. Finally, I would also like to thank Tom Ginsburg, Christiane Wilke, and Mohsen al Attar for their extensive comments on the draft of this Essay. All errors are mine.

This Essay takes up Abebe, Chilton, and Ginsburg’s invitation to use a social science approach to establish or ascertain some facts about international law scholarship in the United States. The specific research question that this Essay seeks to answer is to what extent scholarship has addressed international law’s historical and continuing complicity in producing racial inequality and hierarchy, including slavery, as well as the subjugation and domination of the peoples of the First Nations.